[python-package] [ci] use 'auditwheel' to check GLIBC versions for Linux wheels, update wheel tags

[jameslamb]

In this project, we try to maintain a low-enough GLIBC requirement for Linux wheels and the prebuilt shared library via 2 mechanisms:

1. a script that manually checks liblightgbm.so built in CI

LightGBM/.ci/test.sh

Lines 58 to 62 in 56be785

	if [[ $OS_NAME == "linux" ]] && [[ $COMPILER == "gcc" ]]; then
	objdump -T ./lib_lightgbm.so > ./objdump.log || exit 1
	objdump -T ./lib_lightgbm_swig.so >> ./objdump.log || exit 1
	./.ci/check-dynamic-dependencies.sh ./objdump.log || exit 1
	fi

2. building Linux wheels using official manylinux images from https://github.com/pypa/manylinux

This proposes adding auditwheel as a a third check to give us higher confidence that published wheels support the expected GLIBC versions, and more logs to help with debugging issues with the build process. It can also sometimes detect that an even-more-portable tag could be used, possibly allowing lightgbm to be installed on more platforms without too much new effort here 😁

[jameslamb]

Notice these tags are different... auditwheel found that we could cover more platforms than the tags we'd been using!!

INFO:auditwheel.main_repair:Repairing lightgbm-4.6.0.99-py3-none-linux_aarch64.whl
INFO:auditwheel.lddtree:Excluding libgomp.so.1
INFO:auditwheel.wheeltools:Previous filename tags: linux_aarch64
INFO:auditwheel.wheeltools:New filename tags: manylinux_2_17_aarch64, manylinux2014_aarch64
INFO:auditwheel.wheeltools:Previous WHEEL info tags: py3-none-linux_aarch64
INFO:auditwheel.wheeltools:New WHEEL info tags: py3-none-manylinux_2_17_aarch64, py3-none-manylinux2014_aarch64
INFO:auditwheel.main_repair:
Fixed-up wheel written to /LightGBM/dist-fixed/lightgbm-4.6.0.99-py3-none-manylinux2014_aarch64.manylinux_2_17_aarch64.whl

(aarch64 logs)

The x86_64 logs could support GLIBC 2.27 (Ubuntu 18.04, for example) and the aarch64 wheels could support GLIBC 2.17!