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@@ -92,15 +92,15 @@ Wildfire forecasting is both an active research area and an important need for d
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Wildfire modeling tools have historically been split between **complex combustion research models** and **streamlined operational tools**, each with distinct limitations.
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Computational combustion and fluid dynamics (CFD) based models (e.g., FIRETEC [@linn2005] or WFDS [@mell2007]) are highly computationally intensive and yet unable to provide large wildfire forecasts faster than real time.
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Atmospheric coupled codes, such as WRF/SFire [@mandel2011] must be run within an atmospheric model and require a large amount of processing power and data.
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Operational wildfire simulators, such as widely used Farsite [@finney1998] (now Flammap[@Finney2023FlamMap]), or Canadian Prometheus [@garcia2008], are able to simulate fire fronts spanning tens of kilometers in a matter of seconds, but have definite built-in modeling assumptions and are distributed as compiled software with graphical interfaces with limited scriptability. Other open source libraries are ElmFire [@lautenberger2013] or Cell2Fire [@pais2021] that are tied to a single spread models and do not include scripting language, or deep learning based [@XIA2025106401].
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Operational wildfire simulators, such as widely used Farsite [@finney1998] (now Flammap[@Finney2023FlamMap]), or Canadian Prometheus [@garcia2008], are able to simulate fire fronts spanning tens of kilometers in a matter of seconds, but have definite built-in modeling assumptions and are distributed as compiled software with graphical interfaces with limited scriptability. Other open source libraries are ElmFire [@lautenberger2013] or Cell2Fire [@pais2021] that are tied to a single spread model and do not include scripting language, or deep learning based [@XIA2025106401].
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ForeFire was developed as a community tool to fill the gap between highly complex customizable models and more rigid operational tools: a **unified** wildfire simulator that is both **adaptable** (highly scriptable with multiple bindings) and **high-performing** (discrete‑event‑driven simulation with dynamic mesh allows to concentrate computation at meter scale resolution only on the active part of the front to perform speed over 100Ha per second on a single CPU). It is inteded to serve both as a research platform and a tool for operational forecasting.
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ForeFire was developed as a community tool to fill the gap between highly complex customizable models and more rigid operational tools: a **unified** wildfire simulator that is both **adaptable** (highly scriptable with multiple bindings) and **high-performing** (discrete‑event‑driven simulation with dynamic mesh allows to concentrate computation at meter scale resolution only on the active part of the front to perform speed over 100Ha per second on a single CPU). It is intended to serve both as a research platform and a tool for operational forecasting.
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# Typical Use Cases
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## Rapid prototyping of new models
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ForeFire implements several standard fire flux and spread rate models, such as Rothermel [@andrews2018] or Balbi [@balbi2009], but also makes it trivial to switch, extend or add to this base with a single `.cpp` using any existing model file as a template.
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Internally data is handled as *layers* that can come from a NumPy array, read from NetCDF or generated on the fly by ForeFire (e.g. slope derived from the elevation layer, fuel loaded as index map with tabulated fuel (with part of [@Scott2005] fuel table already available)).
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Internally data is handled as *layers* that can come from a NumPy array, read from NetCDF or generated on the fly by ForeFire (e.g. slope derived from the elevation layer, fuel loaded as index map with tabulated fuel — with part of [@Scott2005] fuel table already available).
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Developing a Rate Of Spread wildfire model was the original purpose of this simulation code and helped to iterate versions of the Balbi Rate Of Spread formulation on case studies in [@balbi2009] and [@santoni2011]. It also served to implement various heat and chemical species flux models used for volcanic eruption in [@filippi2021], plume chemistry [@strada2012] or industrial fires in [@baggio2022]. In addition, the code includes a generic `ANNPropagationModel`, which implements a feedforward artificial neural network (ANN) that expects a pre-trained graph file.
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## Batch simulations with the ForeFire scripting
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By utilizing pre-compiled datasets over extensive regions, this approach supports continent-wide operational forecasting services. It has been deployed to identify optimal escape routes [@kamilaris2023], integrated into the French National WildFire Decision Support System [OPEN DFCI](https://opendfci.fr/), showcased on the [FireCaster demonstration platform](https://forefire.univ-corse.fr/), and also currently used in commercial simulation services [AriaFire Firecaster](https://firecaster.ariafire.com), [UmGraueMeio Pantera](https://www.umgrauemeio.com/) and [Ororatech FireSpread](https://ororatech.com/all-products/fire-spread).
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By utilizing pre-compiled datasets over extensive regions, this approach supports continent-wide operational forecasting services. It has been deployed to identify optimal escape routes [@kamilaris2023], integrated into the French National WildFire Decision Support System [OPEN DFCI](https://opendfci.fr/), showcased on the [FireCaster demonstration platform](https://forefire.univ-corse.fr/), and also currently used in commercial simulation services [AriaFire Firecaster](https://firecaster.ariafire.com), [umgrauemeio Pantera](https://www.umgrauemeio.com/en) and [Ororatech FireSpread](https://ororatech.com/all-products/fire-spread).
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### Two-way coupling with the MesoNH atmospheric model
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The same scripts can be executed in coupled mode with the Open-Source atmospheric model [MesoNH](https://mesonh.cnrs.fr/)[@lac2018] with fire propagating using surface fields (wind) from MesoNH and forcing heat and other flux fields into the atmosphere. An idealized coupled simulation can be run on a laptop at field scale [@filippi2013], but also on a supercomputer to forecast fire-induced winds of large wildfires [@filippi2018], fire-induced convection [@couto2024],[@campos2023] or even to estimate wildfire spotting [@alonsopinar2025].
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The same scripts can be executed in coupled mode with the Open-Source atmospheric model [MesoNH](https://mesonh.cnrs.fr/)[@lac2018] with fire propagating using surface fields (wind) from MesoNH and forcing heat and other flux fields into the atmosphere. An idealized coupled simulation can be run on a laptop at field scale [@filippi2013], but also on a supercomputer to forecast fire-induced winds of large wildfires [@filippi2018], fire-induced convection [@couto2024],[@campos2023] or even to estimate wildfire spotting [@alonsopinar2025].
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Coupled simulations generate gigabytes of 3D data that can be converted to VTK/VTU files using Python helper scripts to visualize in the open-source tool ParaView as shown in \autoref{fig:coupled}.
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